SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Parallel motion linkage</title>

</head>

<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Parallel motion linkage</span></span>

</h1>

</header>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about parallel motion in mechanics. For parallel motion in music, see <a href="Parallel_motion_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallel motion (music)">Parallel motion (music)</a>.</div>

<p>In <a href="Kinematics" title="Kinematics">kinematics</a>, the <b>parallel motion linkage</b> is a <a href="Six-bar_linkage" title="Six-bar linkage">six-bar</a> mechanical <a href="Linkage_(mechanical)" title="Linkage (mechanical)"> linkage</a> invented by the Scottish engineer <a href="James_Watt" title="James Watt">James Watt</a> in 1784 for the <a href="Double-acting_cylinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Double-acting cylinder">double-acting</a> <a href="Watt_steam_engine" title="Watt steam engine">Watt steam engine</a>. It allows a rod moving practically straight up and down to transmit motion to a beam moving in an arc, without putting significant sideways strain on the rod.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div>

<p>In previous engines built by <a href="Thomas_Newcomen" title="Thomas Newcomen">Newcomen</a> and Watt, the <a href="Piston" title="Piston">piston</a> pulled one end of the walking beam downwards during the power stroke using a <a href="Link_chain" class="mw-redirect" title="Link chain">chain</a>, and the weight of the pump pulled the other end of the beam downwards during the recovery stroke using a second chain, the alternating forces producing the rocking motion of the beam. In Watt's new double-acting engine, the piston produced power on both the upward and downward strokes, so a chain could not be used to transmit the force to the beam. Watt designed the parallel motion to transmit force in both directions whilst keeping the piston rod very close to vertical. He called it "parallel motion" because both the piston and the pump rod were required to move vertically, parallel to one another.

</p>

<p>In a letter to his son in 1808 describing how he arrived at the design, James Watt wrote "I am more proud of the parallel motion than of any other invention I have ever made."<sup id="cite_ref-watt1808_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-watt1808-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sketch he included actually shows what is now known as <a href="Watt's_linkage" title="Watt's linkage">Watt's linkage</a> which was a linkage described in Watt's 1784 patent but it was immediately superseded by the parallel motion.<sup id="cite_ref-ferguson_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ferguson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The parallel motion differed from Watt's linkage by having an additional <a href="Pantograph" title="Pantograph">pantograph linkage</a> incorporated in the design. This did not affect the fundamental principle but it allowed the engine room to be smaller because the linkage was more compact.<sup id="cite_ref-ferguson_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ferguson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The Newcomen engine's piston was propelled downward by the atmospheric pressure. Watt's device allowed live steam to be used for direct work on both sides of the piston, thus almost doubling the power, and also delivering the power more evenly through the cycle, an advantage when converting the reciprocating motion to rotary motion (whether through a crank or through a <a href="Sun_and_planet_gear" title="Sun and planet gear">Sun and planet gear</a> system).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principle_of_operation">Principle of operation</h2></div>

<p>See the diagram on the right. <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">A</span> is the journal (bearing) of the walking beam <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;"><span style="text-decoration:overline;">KAC</span></span>, which rocks up and down about <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">A</span>. <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">H</span> is the piston, which is required to move vertically but not horizontally. The heart of the design is the four-bar linkage consisting of <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;"><span style="text-decoration:overline;">AB</span></span>, <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;"><span style="text-decoration:overline;">BE</span></span> and <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;"><span style="text-decoration:overline;">EG</span></span> and the base link is <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;"><span style="text-decoration:overline;">AG</span></span>, both joints on the framework of the engine. As the beam rocks, point <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">F</span> (which is drawn to aid this explanation, but is not a marked point on the machine itself) describes an elongated figure-eight (more precisely, a <a href="Lemniscate_of_Bernoulli" title="Lemniscate of Bernoulli">lemniscate of Bernoulli</a>) in mid-air. Since the motion of the walking beam is constrained to a small angle, <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">F</span> describes only a short section of the figure-eight, which is quite close to a vertical straight line. The figure-eight is symmetrical as long as arms <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;"><span style="text-decoration:overline;">AB</span></span> and <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;"><span style="text-decoration:overline;">EG</span></span> are equal in length, and straightest when the ratio of <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;"><span style="text-decoration:overline;">BF</span></span> to <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;"><span style="text-decoration:overline;">FE</span></span> matches that of <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;"><span style="text-decoration:overline;">AB</span></span> to <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;"><span style="text-decoration:overline;">EG</span></span>. If the stroke length (that is, the maximum travel of <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">F</span>) is <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">S</span>, then the straight section is longest when <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;"><span style="text-decoration:overline;">BE</span></span> is around <span class="texhtml">⅔ <i>S</i></span> and <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;"><span style="text-decoration:overline;">AB</span></span> is <span class="texhtml">1.5 <i>S</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-mechanisms2001_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mechanisms2001-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>It would have been possible to connect <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">F</span> directly to the piston rod (the "Watt's linkage" design), but this would have made the machine an awkward shape, with <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">G</span> a long way from the end of the walking beam. To avoid this, Watt added the parallelogram linkage <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">▱BCDE</span> to form a <a href="Pantograph" title="Pantograph">pantograph</a>. This guarantees that <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">F</span> always lies on a straight line between <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">A</span> and <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">D</span>, and therefore that the motion of <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">D</span> is a magnified version of the motion of <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">F</span>. <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">D</span> is therefore the point to which the piston rod <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;"><span style="text-decoration:overline;">DH</span></span> is attached. The addition of the pantograph made the mechanism shorter and so the building containing the engine could be smaller.

</p><p>As already noted, the path of <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">F</span> is not a perfect straight line, but merely an approximation. Watt's design produced a deviation of about one part in 4000 from a straight line. Later, in the 19th century, perfect straight-line linkages were invented, beginning with the <a href="Peaucellier%E2%80%93Lipkin_linkage" title="Peaucellier–Lipkin linkage">Peaucellier–Lipkin linkage</a> of 1864.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Pantograph" title="Pantograph">Pantograph</a>, part of what the Parallel motion linkage uses.</li>

<li><a href="Straight_line_mechanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Straight line mechanism">Straight line mechanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Watt's_linkage" title="Watt's linkage">Watt's linkage</a>, the core of how the Parallel motion linkage works.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist">

<li id="cite_note-watt1808-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-watt1808_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-watt1808_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Franz Reuleaux, <i>The Kinematics of Machinery</i> (1876), <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:The_Kinematics_of_Machinery.djvu/26" class="extiw external" title="s:Page:The Kinematics of Machinery.djvu/26">page 4</a>.</span>

</li>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite id="CITEREFFerguson1962" class="citation book cs1">Ferguson, Eugene S. (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=kmoddl;cc=kmoddl;view=toc;subview=short;idno=kmod009"><i>Contributions from the Museum of History and Technology: Paper 27 Kinematics of Mechanisms from the Time of Watt</i></a>. United States National Museum Bulletin. Vol. 228. pp. <span class="nowrap">185–</span>230.</cite> Also available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/27106/27106-h/27106-h.htm">https://www.gutenberg.org/files/27106/27106-h/27106-h.htm</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-mechanisms2001-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mechanisms2001_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neil Sclater and Nicholas P. Chironis, <i>Mechanisms and Mechanical Devices Sourcebook Third Edition</i> (2001), page 136.</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<dl><dt>General</dt></dl>

<ul><li><i>Linkages</i> article in Encyclopædia Britannica, 1958.</li>

<li><i>Parallel Motion</i> article in Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911.</li>

<li>Robert Stuart, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/adescriptivehis01stuagoog"><i>A Descriptive History of the Steam Engine</i></a>, London, J. Knight and H. Lacey, 1824.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .infobox .side-box{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="side-box side-box-right sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Watt%27s_parallel_motion" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Watt's parallel motion">Watt's parallel motion</a></span>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><i><a href="How_Round_Is_Your_Circle" class="mw-redirect" title="How Round Is Your Circle">How Round Is Your Circle?</a></i> (Bryant and Sangwin, 2008) contains a chapter about James Watt's parallel motion mechanism</li></ul>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heat_engines39" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#F0DC82;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div id="Heat_engines39" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Heat_engine" title="Heat engine">Heat engines</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Carnot_heat_engine" title="Carnot heat engine">Carnot engine</a></li>

<li><a href="Fluidyne_engine" title="Fluidyne engine">Fluidyne</a></li>

<li><a href="Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">Gas turbine</a></li>

<li><a href="Minto_wheel" title="Minto wheel">Minto wheel</a></li>

<li><a href="Photo-Carnot_engine" title="Photo-Carnot engine">Photo-Carnot engine</a></li>

<li><a href="Reciprocating_engine" title="Reciprocating engine">Piston</a></li>

<li><a href="Pistonless_rotary_engine" title="Pistonless rotary engine">Pistonless (Rotary)</a></li>

<li><a href="Rijke_tube" title="Rijke tube">Rijke tube</a></li>

<li><a href="Rocket_engine" title="Rocket engine">Rocket</a></li>

<li><a href="Split-single_engine" title="Split-single engine">Split-single</a></li>

<li><a href="Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">Steam (reciprocating)</a></li>

<li><a href="Steam_turbine" title="Steam turbine">Steam turbine</a>

<ul><li><a href="Aeolipile" title="Aeolipile">Aeolipile</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Stirling_engine" title="Stirling engine">Stirling</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermoacoustic_heat_engine" title="Thermoacoustic heat engine">Thermoacoustic</a></li>

<li><a href="Manson_engine" title="Manson engine">Manson engine</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Beale_number" title="Beale number">Beale number</a></li>

<li><a href="West_number" title="West number">West number</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_heat_engine_technology" title="Timeline of heat engine technology">Timeline of heat engine technology</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#F0DC82;"><div><a href="Thermodynamic_cycle" title="Thermodynamic cycle">Thermodynamic cycle</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Steam_engines212" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Steam_engines212" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">Steam engines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operating cycle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Newcomen_atmospheric_engine" title="Newcomen atmospheric engine">Atmospheric</a></li>

<li><a href="Cornish_engine" title="Cornish engine">Cornish</a></li>

<li><a href="Compound_steam_engine" title="Compound steam engine">Compound</a></li>

<li><a href="Uniflow_steam_engine" title="Uniflow steam engine">Uniflow</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Valve" title="Valve">Valves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Valves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Slide_valve" title="Slide valve">Slide</a>

<ul><li><a href="Slide_valve#Murdoch's_D_slide_valve" title="Slide valve">D slide</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Piston_valve_(steam_engine)" title="Piston valve (steam engine)">Piston</a></li>

<li><a href="Corliss_steam_engine" title="Corliss steam engine">Corliss</a></li>

<li><a href="Poppet_valve" title="Poppet valve">Poppet</a></li>

<li><a href="Sleeve_valve" title="Sleeve valve">Sleeve</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="Valve_gear" title="Valve gear">Valve gear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Stephenson_valve_gear" title="Stephenson valve gear">Stephenson link</a></li>

<li><a href="Walschaerts_valve_gear" title="Walschaerts valve gear">Walschaerts</a></li>

<li><a href="Stephenson_valve_gear#Allan_straight_link_valve_gear" title="Stephenson valve gear">Allan</a></li>

<li><a href="Baker_valve_gear" title="Baker valve gear">Baker</a></li>

<li><a href="Corliss_steam_engine" title="Corliss steam engine">Corliss</a></li>

<li><a href="Hugo_Lentz" title="Hugo Lentz">Lentz</a></li>

<li><a href="Caprotti_valve_gear" title="Caprotti valve gear">Caprotti</a></li>

<li><a href="Gresley_conjugated_valve_gear" title="Gresley conjugated valve gear">Gresley conjugated</a></li>

<li><a href="Southern_valve_gear" title="Southern valve gear">Southern</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Mechanism_(engineering)" title="Mechanism (engineering)">Mechanisms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Cataract_(beam_engine)" title="Cataract (beam engine)">Cataract</a></li>

<li><a href="Centrifugal_governor" title="Centrifugal governor">Centrifugal governor</a></li>

<li><a href="Connecting_rod#Steam_engines" title="Connecting rod">Connecting rod</a></li>

<li><a href="Crank_(mechanism)" title="Crank (mechanism)">Crank</a></li>

<li><a href="Crankshaft" title="Crankshaft">Crankshaft</a></li>

<li><a href="Tusi_couple" title="Tusi couple">Tusi couple</a> <a href="Hypocycloidal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypocycloidal">hypocycloidal</a> <a href="Straight_line_mechanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Straight line mechanism">straight line mechanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Link_chain" class="mw-redirect" title="Link chain">Link chain</a></li>

<li><a href="Parallel_motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallel motion">Parallel motion</a></li>

<li><a href="Roller_chain" title="Roller chain">Plate chain</a></li>

<li><a href="Beam_engine#Rotative_beam_engines" title="Beam engine">Rotative beam</a></li>

<li><a href="Sun_and_planet_gear" title="Sun and planet gear">Sun and planet gear</a></li>

<li><a href="Watt's_linkage" title="Watt's linkage">Watt's linkage</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Boiler" title="Boiler">Boilers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Simple boilers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Haystack_boiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Haystack boiler">Haystack</a></li>

<li><a href="Wagon_boiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Wagon boiler">Wagon</a></li>

<li><a href="Egg-ended_boiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg-ended boiler">Egg-ended</a></li>

<li><a href="Flued_boiler" title="Flued boiler">Flued</a></li>

<li><a href="Cornish_boiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornish boiler">Cornish</a></li>

<li><a href="Lancashire_boiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Lancashire boiler">Lancashire</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="Fire-tube_boiler" title="Fire-tube boiler">Fire-tube boilers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Locomotive_boiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Locomotive boiler">Locomotive</a></li>

<li><a href="Scotch_marine_boiler" title="Scotch marine boiler">Scotch</a></li>

<li><a href="Launch-type_boiler" title="Launch-type boiler">Launch</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="Water-tube_boiler" title="Water-tube boiler">Water-tube boilers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Babcock_%26_Wilcox_boiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Babcock & Wilcox boiler">Babcock & Wilcox</a></li>

<li><a href="Field-tube_boiler" title="Field-tube boiler">Field-tube</a></li>

<li><a href="Sentinel_boiler" title="Sentinel boiler">Sentinel</a></li>

<li><a href="Stirling_boiler" title="Stirling boiler">Stirling</a></li>

<li><a href="Thimble_tube_boiler" title="Thimble tube boiler">Thimble tube</a></li>

<li><a href="Three-drum_boiler" title="Three-drum boiler">Three-drum</a></li>

<li><a href="Yarrow_boiler" title="Yarrow boiler">Yarrow</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Boiler feed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Feedwater_heater" title="Feedwater heater">Feedwater heater</a></li>

<li><a href="Boiler_feedwater_pump" title="Boiler feedwater pump">Feedwater pump</a></li>

<li><a href="Injector" title="Injector">Injector</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cylinder_(engine)" title="Cylinder (engine)">Cylinder</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cylinder_(locomotive)" title="Cylinder (locomotive)">Locomotive</a></li>

<li><a href="Oscillating_cylinder_steam_engine" title="Oscillating cylinder steam engine">Oscillating</a></li>

<li><a href="Single-_and_double-acting_cylinders" title="Single- and double-acting cylinders">Single- and double-acting</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Condenser_(heat_transfer)" title="Condenser (heat transfer)">Condenser</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Condensing_steam_locomotive" title="Condensing steam locomotive">Condensing steam locomotive</a></li>

<li><a href="Kirchweger_condenser" title="Kirchweger condenser">Kirchweger</a></li>

<li><a href="Watt_steam_engine#Separate_condenser" title="Watt steam engine">Watt's separate</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Newcomen#After_Newcomen" title="Thomas Newcomen">"Pickle-pot"</a></li>

<li><a href="Surface_condenser" title="Surface condenser">Surface</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Blowback_(steam_engine)" title="Blowback (steam engine)">Blowback</a></li>

<li><a href="Crosshead" title="Crosshead">Crosshead</a></li>

<li><a href="Cutoff_(steam_engine)" title="Cutoff (steam engine)">Cutoff</a></li>

<li><a href="Expansion_valve_(steam_engine)" title="Expansion valve (steam engine)">Expansion valve</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydrolock" title="Hydrolock">Hydrolock</a></li>

<li><a href="Piston" title="Piston">Piston</a></li>

<li><a href="Reciprocating_engine" title="Reciprocating engine">Reciprocating engine</a></li>

<li><a href="Return_connecting_rod_engine" title="Return connecting rod engine">Return connecting rod engine</a></li>

<li><a href="Six-column_beam_engine" title="Six-column beam engine">Six-column beam engine</a></li>

<li><a href="Return_connecting_rod_engine#Steeple_engines" title="Return connecting rod engine">Steeple engine</a></li>

<li><a href="Safety_valve" title="Safety valve">Safety valve</a></li>

<li><a href="Steeple_compound_engine" title="Steeple compound engine">Steeple compound engine</a></li>

<li><a href="Stroke_(engine)" title="Stroke (engine)">Stroke</a></li>

<li><a href="Working_fluid" title="Working fluid">Working fluid</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="History_of_the_steam_engine" title="History of the steam engine">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="History_of_the_steam_engine#Precursors" title="History of the steam engine">Precursors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Thomas_Savery" title="Thomas Savery">Savery Engine</a> (1698)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="Newcomen_atmospheric_engine" title="Newcomen atmospheric engine">Newcomen engine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Newcomen_Memorial_Engine" title="Newcomen Memorial Engine">Newcomen Memorial Engine</a> (1725)</li>

<li><i><a href="Fairbottom_Bobs" title="Fairbottom Bobs">Fairbottom Bobs</a></i> (1760)</li>

<li><a href="Elsecar_Engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Elsecar Engine">Elsecar Engine</a> (1795)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="Watt_steam_engine" title="Watt steam engine">Watt engine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="Beam_engine" title="Beam engine">Beam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Kinneil_Engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinneil Engine">Kinneil Engine</a> (1768)</li>

<li><a href="Wheal_Busy" title="Wheal Busy">Chacewater Mine engine</a> (1778)</li>

<li><a href="Smethwick_Engine" title="Smethwick Engine">Smethwick Engine</a> (1779)</li>

<li><a href="Resolution_(beam_engine)" title="Resolution (beam engine)"><i>Resolution</i></a> (1781)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="Beam_engine#Rotative_beam_engines" title="Beam engine">Rotative beam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Soho_Manufactory#Steam_engines" title="Soho Manufactory">Soho Manufactory engine</a> (1782)</li>

<li><a href="John_Wilkinson_(industrialist)#Boring_machine_for_steam_engines" title="John Wilkinson (industrialist)">Bradley Works engine</a> (1783)</li>

<li><a href="Whitbread_Engine" title="Whitbread Engine">Whitbread Engine</a> (1785)</li>

<li><a href="Beam_engine#Preserved_beam_engines" title="Beam engine">National Museum of Scotland engine</a> (1786)</li>

<li><a href="Lap_Engine" title="Lap Engine">Lap Engine</a> (1788)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="History_of_the_steam_engine#High-pressure_engines" title="History of the steam engine">High-pressure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Richard_Trevithick#High-pressure_engine" title="Richard Trevithick">Richard Trevithick</a>

<ul><li><a href="Richard_Trevithick#Puffing_Devil" title="Richard Trevithick"><i>Puffing Devil</i></a> (1801)</li>

<li><a href="Richard_Trevithick#London_Steam_Carriage" title="Richard Trevithick">London Steam Carriage</a> (1803)</li>

<li><a href="Richard_Trevithick#Coalbrookdale_Locomotive" title="Richard Trevithick">"Coalbrookdale Locomotive"</a> (1803)</li>

<li><a href="Richard_Trevithick#"Pen-y-Darren"_locomotive" title="Richard Trevithick">"Pen-y-Darren" locomotive</a> (1804)</li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="Compound_steam_engine" title="Compound steam engine">Compound</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arthur_Woolf" title="Arthur Woolf">Woolf's compound engine</a> (1803)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="Matthew_Murray" title="Matthew Murray">Murray</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Murray's_Hypocycloidal_Engine" title="Murray's Hypocycloidal Engine">Murray's Hypocycloidal Engine</a> (1805)</li>

<li><a href="Salamanca_(locomotive)" title="Salamanca (locomotive)"><i>Salamanca</i></a> (1812)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="High-speed_steam_engine" title="High-speed steam engine">High-speed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Porter-Allen_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Porter-Allen engine">Porter-Allen</a> (1862)</li>

<li><a href="Ljungstr%C3%B6m_turbine" title="Ljungström turbine">Ljungström</a> (1908)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Glossary_of_steam_locomotive_components" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossary of steam locomotive components">Glossary of steam locomotive components</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_steam_road_vehicles" title="History of steam road vehicles">History of steam road vehicles</a>

<ul><li><a href="Nicolas-Joseph_Cugnot#The_first_self-propelled_vehicle" title="Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot">Cugnot's <i>fardier à vapeur</i></a> (1769)</li>

<li><a href="William_Murdoch#Steam_powered_locomotion" title="William Murdoch">Murdoch's model steam carriage</a> (1784)</li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="Lean's_Engine_Reporter" title="Lean's Engine Reporter">Lean's Engine Reporter</a></i></li>

<li><a href="List_of_steam_technology_patents" title="List of steam technology patents">List of steam technology patents</a></li>

<li><a href="Advanced_steam_technology" title="Advanced steam technology">Modern steam</a></li>

<li><a href="Stationary_steam_engine" title="Stationary steam engine">Stationary steam engine</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_steam_power" title="Timeline of steam power">Timeline of steam power</a></li>

<li><a href="Water-returning_engine" title="Water-returning engine">Water-returning engine</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-05-08" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Parallel_motion_linkage&oldid=1289401625">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>